This section considers the importance of STEM education, the need for improved STEM literacy in the general population, and the pathway Earth system science (ESS) provides to help meet these needs. We describe how programs that equip nonscientists and non-science students with STEM knowledge are equally if not more important for STEM literacy than those which concentrate on students already oriented toward the sciences. This section gives several examples of ESS courses and programs that highlight the pathway to STEM and proficiency. We support our observations of the ESSE-21 schools with evidence from the recent literature.
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